Method for direct transformation of exogenous dna into resting spores of penicillium amagasakiense

ABSTRACT

The present invention discloses a method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of  Penicillium amagasakiense . The method includes three steps of culture of  Penicillium amagasakiense  and collection of spores, pretreatment of  Penicillium amagasakiense  spores, and electroporation of  Penicillium amagasakiense  spores by using HDEN method, to obtain  Penicillium amagasakiense  spores with introduction of plasmids to be transformed. In the present invention, non-germinated spores are used as a starting material for introduction of an exogenous molecule, and exogenous DNA is introduced into the resting spores of  Penicillium amagasakiense  by employing the HDEN electrotransformation technique, whereby the complex step of spore germination is omitted, and steps of protoplast preparation or  Agrobacterium -mediated transformation in conventional methods etc. are omitted. Moreover, the transformation efficiency is high, and at least an effect of no less than 6000 positive transformants per transformation reaction system can be achieved.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/CN2017/096981 with a filing date of Aug. 11, 2017, designating the United States, now pending, and further claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 201610813612.1 with a filing date of Sep. 9, 2016. The content of the aforementioned applications, including any intervening amendments thereto, are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the field of biological technologies, and specifically to a method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense.

2. Description of Related Art

Penicillium amagasakiense is a eukaryotic microorganism and a filamentous fungus. Penicillium amagasakiense is an important strain in fermentation industry, with which a variety of important industrial products such as glucose oxidase can be produced. Penicillium amagasakiense is a good host to produce recombinant proteins in genetic engineering. Accordingly, the importance of Penicillium amagasakiense in the modern fermentation industry is evident.

With molecular genetics as a theoretical basis, and by means of modern methods of molecular biology, genetic engineering aims at changing the original genetic characteristics of organisms to obtain new varieties and produce new products by constructing a DNA molecule in vitro with genes of different sources according to a pre-designed blueprint followed by transformation into cells. (For example, an enzyme gene with important economic value is transformed into Penicillium amagasakiense cells for high expression of the enzyme protein, thereby producing the enzyme.) In this area, a very important part is introduction of foreign DNA into cells. For different species and different states of the cells, different transformation methods are needed, to enable the foreign DNA to cross the cell wall and the cell membrane, transporting in to the cells.

At present, the main DNA transformation methods for use in the field of filamentous fungi (including Penicillium amagasakiense) includes:

1. Protoplast-mediated transformation: in this method, various enzymes are used to hydrolyze the cell wall of fungal mycelia, to expose the cell membrane, under certain chemical conditions, the cell membrane can absorb exogenous DNA. However, since the structure and composition of the fungal cell wall are complex, and the structures and compositions of the cell walls of different species and even different subspecies of the same species are different, hence the methods of protoplast preparation cannot be unified. Moreover, for many fungi, especially Penicillium amagasakiense, the protoplast preparation is very difficult, the steps are extremely cumbersome, and special, expensive cell wall hydrolases are required.

2. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation: Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects plant callus and filamentous fungi, and able to insert the circular plasmid Ti-DNA which is stably inherited in cells into the host genome. However, the method has cumbersome steps, and is time-consuming; and Agrobacterium tumefaciens has selectivity to hosts, so this method is not suitable for all the fungi. In addition, the location at which the exogenous DNA is inserted into the host genome is random and unpredictable. The exogenous DNA can only be inserted into the host genome and unable to sustain adrift in the host cytoplasm.

3. Biolistic transformation: in this method, DNA is adsorbed on the surface of special metal particles, using gunpowder explosion or a high▪pressure gas acceleration, the metal particles adsorbed with DNA are directly introduced into intact tissues or cells. This method requires very expensive special laboratory equipment, and the metal particles used in the consumables often require to use gold materials. In addition, transformation efficiency of this method is not high, the host cells have a high death rate under the bombardment of metal particles, and regeneration is difficult, hence the scope of use is limited.

4. Electroporation: this is a method using short electrical pulse on cells exposed to exogenous DNA, causing exogeneous DNA to enter the cells, thereby changing the genetic characteristics of the cells. Unlike the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation that requires Agrobacterium as a mediator and the biolistic transformation that requires metal particles as a mediator, this method does not require a mediator to carry the exogenous DNA. The traditional electroporation includes exponential decay wave electroporation and square wave electroporation. The energy for exponential decay wave electroporation is particularly high, causes big damage to the cells. Due to microbial cells have simple structure, presence of cell wall, strong cell resistance, high vitality, and many microbial cells have hard shells, they can withstand high-energy electroporation, hence the exponential decay wave electroporation is generally only for microbial cells. However, mammalian cells (such as human cell lines) are relatively fragile and prone to death compared to microbes. Therefore, the square wave electroporation is commonly used in mammalian cells. In addition, the square wave electroporation is also widely used for in-vivo electroporation in small animals such as mice.

High-density distributed electrode network (HDEN) electrotransformation technique introduced in 2013 is an electrotransformation technique developed specifically for the characteristics of mammalian cells, with the purpose of to improve the efficiency of delivery of exogenous DNA and drug to mammalian cells. The technique consists of three parts, first is the form of an electric pulse applied to cell sample, second is the solution environment where the cell sample is electroporated, and third is the culturing method of the cell sample and the pre-treatment method before electroporation. Because the technique is developed specifically for mammalian cells, the above-mentioned three parts are designed targeted for the characteristics of mammalian cells.

It is well known in the art that the characteristics and the culturing method of microbial cells are vastly different from those of mammalian cells. The structures of mammalian cells and microbial cells are different. Mammalian cells have no cell walls. Microbial cells (such as most fungi, including Penicillium amagasakiense) have cell walls. The cell membrane of mammalian cells is also different from the cell membrane of microbial cells.

Therefore, any technique applied to mammalian cells is difficult to be directly applied to microbial cells. Application of the HDEN technique in mammalian cells such as HEK-293A, Hela, Neuro-2A, MCF-7, C2C12, 3T3-L1, CHO, MDCK, HL-60, HUVEC, A375, U251 etc. is reported in current literatures. Currently, there is no reports on the use of this technique in species other than mammalian cells at present. Therefore, whether the HDEN electrotransformation technique can be applied to species other than mammalian cells is still unknown.

Filamentous fungi (including Penicillium amagasakiense) are a class of eukaryotic microorganisms, and the genomes of many types of fungi are polyploid. The most difficult problem encountered when performing genetic engineering to a living organism is polyploidy. Because engineering on polyploid is often inefficient (for example, gene targeting may hit only one chromosome, and be off target to the other one or several homologous chromosomes), and during cell division in reproduction of a polyploid, homologous chromosomes are segregated, and the engineered site is difficult to pass onto all the progenies. This is well known in the art.

Fungal spores are the major reproductive organs of fungi, and the spores are dormant and can survive for a long time. Spores are activated and germinated under appropriate external conditions, to form mycelia for split propagation. Most importantly, the spores of many types of fungi are native haploids. Haploid can be genetically engineered directly and the efficiency is much higher than manipulating polyploids.

However, since the spores are generally dormant, their cell walls are very thick, and the state of the cell wall and cell membrane of resting spores are different from those of germinated spores and mycelia. Moreover, the intracellular life activity of resting spores is also in the least exuberant state. Therefore, it is well known in the art that resting spores have less cell permeability compared to germinated spores and mycelia. The resting spores hardly exchange substance with the exterior, and is inactive and is generally in dormant state. However, the germinated spores or mycelia, require uptake of nutrients from the exterior for life activities, so permeability of the cell wall and cell membrane is higher than the resting spores. Therefore, it is very difficult to introduce exogenous DNA molecules directly into the interior of sleeping spores.

For the several available well-established techniques, in the protoplast-mediated transformation, the source of protoplasts in the host cells, is generally the mycelia body of fungi (polyploid). In the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, Agrobacterium and fungal spores are co-cultured on the surface of a solid culture medium for several days, exogenous DNA can be introduced into fungal cells, under the mediation of Agrobacterium. However, this is not a direct transformation of spores, because fungal spores germinate during co-cultivation and subsequently Agrobacterium invades the germinated spores to introduce the exogenous DNA. Moreover, in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, Agrobacterium is needed as a mediator, and transformation of Agrobacterium has to be carried out before subsequent fungal transformation, hence the operation is very complicated and cumbersome, and the cycle is long.

In the conventional electroporation method (using exponentially decay wave electroporation), the host cells used are germinated fungal spores. For example, in the method developed by Ozeki et al., the spores have to be germinated first and electroporation can be performed subsequently (specific experimental steps and details for spore germination are disclosed in the method). This method is a pioneer to typical techniques in the field, so far there is no significant improvement, and the method is in use in the field until now. Inventors of the present application attempted to transform non-germinated spores by using this method, and it was unsuccessful. So far, there is no successful reports in the literatures. The method developed by Ozeki et al. is described in literature 1: OZEKI K, KYOYA F, HIZUME K, KANDA A, HAMACHI M, NUNOKAWA Y. Transformation of intact Aspergillus niger by electroporation [J]. BiosciBiotechnolBiochem, 1994, 58(12): 2224-2227.

At present, there is no method or any report, that is able to introduce exogenous DNA molecule directly into resting (non-germinated) fungal spores in the absence of a mediator. This is also a technical problem that has not been overcome in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the existing defects in the art, an objective of the present invention is to provide a method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense, in which the step of fungal spore germination is bypassed, and the exogenous DNA is directly introduced into resting spores by using HDEN electrotransformation technique.

To achieve the above objective, the present invention employs the following technical solutions:

A method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense includes the steps of:

1) Culture of Penicillium amagasakiense and Collection of Spores

Penicillium amagasakiense is inoculated onto a surface of a solid agar medium, and cultured until the Penicillium amagasakiense spores are overgrown on the surface of the medium, the Penicillium amagasakiense spores are washed off from the surface of the medium, suspension of the spores is aspirated off and filtered to remove mycelia, and filtrate containing the spores is collected, and centrifuged to collect the pelleted resting spores;

2) Pretreatment of Penicillium amagasakiense Spores

the spores are re-suspended in an electroporation buffer, and centrifuged to collect the spore pellets, the re-suspension and centrifugation steps are repeated 3-4 times, and the last collected spore pellets are re-suspended in the electroporation buffer, to obtain an Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension with a spore concentration of 10⁴-10¹¹ spores/ml,

in which the electroporation buffer consists of 4-hydroxyethyl piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) having a final concentration of 0.01-100 mmol/L and mannitol having a final concentration of 0.5-5000 mmol/L, and the pH of the electroporation buffer is 3.0-9.5; and

3) Electroporation of Penicillium amagasakiense Spores by Using HDEN Method

the Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension prepared in the above steps and a plasmid to be transformed are added to wells of a cell culture plate and mixed uniformly, to obtain a mixture of the spores and the plasmid, the cell culture plate is placed on an ice bath for 10-15 min, electroporation is carried out subsequently by using the HDEN method using an Etta Biotech X-Porator H1 electroporator, by inserting an electroporator head fitted with a matrix electrode into the mixture of the spores and the plasmid, and energizing, to generate an electric field inside the mixture of the spores and the plasmid, the cell culture plate is placed on the ice bath again for 10-15 min after electroporation, and subsequently the mixture of the spores and the plasmid is aspirated off, to obtain resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense with introduction of exogenous DNA,

in which ratio of the Penicillium amagasakiense suspension to the plasmid to be transformed is 6-600000 μl of Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension to 0.1-10000 μg of plasmid to be transformed; and

parameters for the electroporation include: a voltage of 1-6000 V, pulse duration of 2-2000000 ms, and repeat for 1-100 times at an interval of 5-50000 ms.

Further, the medium in the step 1) is PDA medium, YPD medium or Czapek-Dox medium, and the preferable PDA medium is with the best outcome and the spore production capability is the fastest and the largest.

In the step 1), Penicillium amagasakiense is at a temperature of 16-40° C. with 15-85% humidity for 3-15 days.

Preferably, in the step 1), Penicillium amagasakiense is cultured at a temperature of 25° C. with 50-60% humidity for 8 days.

Further, in the step 2), the electroporation buffer consists of HEPES having a final concentration of 1-10 mmol/L and mannitol having a final concentration of 50-100 mmol/L, and the pH of the electroporation buffer was 5.0-7.0.

Preferably, in the step 2), the electroporation buffer consists of HEPES having a final concentration of 1 mmol/L and mannitol having a final concentration of 50 mmol/L, and the pH of the electroporation buffer was 7.0.

In the step 2), the Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension is observed under a microscope before electroporation, to confirm that the spore suspension is free of contamination with mycelia and the spores are non-germinated, and subsequently electroporation is carried out.

Further, in the step 3), the plasmid to be transformed is recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro, and the recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro is constructed with a hygromycin B resistance gene and an AnEp8 plasmid, and the electroporation is carried out by using the Etta Biotech X-Porator H1 electroporator.

Preferably, the ratio of the Penicillium amagasakiense suspension to the recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro is 60 μl of Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension to 1 μg of recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro.

Further, in the step 3), the voltage is 300-3000 V, the pulse duration is 200-1000000 ms, repeat for 1-50 times at an interval of 500-5000 ms. Preferably, the voltage is 450 V, the pulse duration is 2500 ms, repeat for 3 times at an interval of 400 ms.

Further, to confirm that the exogenous DNA has been introduced into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense, the step 3) further includes, after electroporating and further standing on an ice bath, aspirating the mixture of the spores and the plasmid off, coating the mixture onto a plate containing YPD solid agar medium with a final concentration of hygromycin B of 600 μg/ml, culturing the mixture at 16-40° C. and preferably 28° C. with 15-85% humidity and preferably 50-60% humidity until single colonies are formed, and counting the colonies.

The hygromycin B (CAS number: 31282-04-9) is dissolved in sterilized high-purity water, to prepare a stock of high concentration, which is diluted in medium according to a desired ratio before use.

At the same time when the above experimental steps are performed, a control group needs to be prepared. The same mixture of “the spores and the plasmid” that is not electroporated is coated onto another plate containing YPD solid agar medium with a final concentration of hygromycin B of 600 μg/ml, and cultured under the same conditions. No single colony is formed in the control group, and the single colonies in the experimental group are determined to be positive clones.

When single colonies are formed in the experimental group, DNA is extracted from the single colonies in the experimental group, and the exogenous hygromycin B resistance gene which may contained in the DNA is amplified by PCR. The band size of the amplified product is determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. When the band size is as expected, the amplified product is subjected to Sanger DNA sequencing to determine if its DNA sequence is consistent with that of the exogenous hygromycin B resistance gene. If consistent, it can be accurately determined that the positive clones are successful transformants.

The Penicillium amagasakiense mentioned in the present invention is Penicillium amagasakiense CICC 40341, and the electroporation is carried out by using the Etta Biotech X-Porator HLelectroporator purchased from Suzhou Etta Biotech Co., Ltd.

In the present invention, the experimental operations of collection of non-germinated spores and the subsequent electroporation process are all conducted in the laboratory at a constant temperature not higher than 23 degrees Celsius; the centrifugation steps are all 4° C. cold centrifugation; and various kinds of liquid exposed to the non-germinating spores are all pre-cooled on ice in advance, unless otherwise indicated. The non-germinated spores are prohibited from contacting any factors and substances which are able to promote their germination (such as YEPD, etc. as a representative medium for germination), to ensure the dormancy of spores.

During the culture process of Penicillium amagasakiense in the present invention, when Penicillium amagasakiense spores are overgrown on the surface, sterilized water was poured onto the surface of the medium, to wash the Penicillium amagasakiense spores off from the surface of the medium. The spore suspension is aspirated with a pipette and filtered using sterilized lens paper (or fritted glass filter, filter paper, etc.) to remove the mycelia and retain the spores. If there is no filtration step, the spore suspension will be mixed up with mycelia, and it is unable to determine whether the transformants obtained in the subsequent steps are positive clones formed after transformation of DNA into the spores, or false positive clones formed after the transformation of DNA into the mycelia. The resulting spores are subjected to chromosome staining, to observe and confirm that the chromosomes in the spores are haploid.

The water used to prepare the solid agar medium in the present invention should be MillQ-grade high-purity water or double distilled water having a resistivity of not lower than 18.2MΩ-cm used in molecular biology.

When Penicillium amagasakiense spores are electroporated by using the HDEN method, the Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension and the plasmid to be transformed are added at a proper ratio to the wells of a cell culture plate and mixed evenly. The cell culture plate was placed on an ice bath. For example, in a well of a 96-well cell culture plate (Nunclon Surface 96-well cell culture plate from NUNC, Cat. No. 167008), 60 μl of the Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension and 1 μg of the recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro are added. The cell culture plate can also be a 384-well plate, a 24-well plate, a 6-well plate, or other larger or smaller containers, and subsequently the mixture system of the spore and the plasmid can be enlarged or reduced according to the volume size ratio of the containers.

In the present invention, the above technical solution is employed. It is very simple to use non-germinated spores as a starting material for introducing exogenous molecules because the complicated step of germination of spores can be omitted. More importantly, polyploidy might have occurred in the germinated spores, whereas non-germinated spores are guaranteed to be haploid. In many applications of genetic engineering, the host cells have to be haploid in order to achieve the desired result or efficiency. Meanwhile, the HDEN electrotransformation technique is utilized in the present invention to introduce exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense. In the HDEN electrotransformation technique, a high-density matrix electrode that produces a highly uniform and intense electric field is used. Each cell within the electric field receives an electroporation condition which is almost exactly the same. During operation, the cells are placed in a common container, such as a cell culture plate, and followed by inserting an electroporator head with a matrix electrode into the container, and energized. In the traditional electroporation technique, a special electroporation cuvette is generally used, cells are placed between two metal plates positioned in parallel and subsequently the metal plates are electrified to form an electric field for electroporation. Therefore, the discharge modes in the two methods are completely different. In the former one, the electrode is inserted into the cell suspension and an electric field is generated within, whereas in the latter one, an electric field is generated outside of the whole cell suspension. In the former one, the electrode head is formed by many metal pins, and a voltage is generated between the pins, whereas in the latter one, only two metal plates are present, i.e. a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate, and a voltage is generated between the two plates. The HDEN technique also basically eliminates the cathode effect existing in the traditional electroporation technology, to avoid the generation of large amounts of hydroxide ions, so as to avoid killing the cells and improve the cell survival rate after electroporation. However, the cathode effect is difficult to be eliminated in the traditional electroporation technology. Further, in traditional electroporation methods, the electroporation is performed only once. This is because if multiple electroporations are performed, the cell death rate will be increased greatly. However, in the HDEN method of the present invention, multiple electroporations may be performed, and the effects of the multiple electroporations can be superimposed without significantly increasing the cell death rate.

The HDEN electrotransformation technique is an electrotransformation technique developed specifically for the characteristics of mammalian cells, to improve the efficiency of delivery of exogenous DNA and drug to mammalian cells. It is well known in the art that the characteristics and the culturing methods of microbial cells are vastly different from those of mammalian cells. The structures of mammalian cells and microbial cells are different. Mammalian cells have no cell walls. Microbial cells (such as most fungi, including Penicillium amagasakiense) have cell walls. The cell membrane mammalian of cells is also different from the cell membrane of microbial cells. Even in the same organism, the structures, states, and chemical compositions of respective cell membrane and cell wall of different tissues, different organs or different cell types are also different. Even the structures, states, and chemical compositions of respective cell membrane and cell wall of the same tissue, the same organ, and the same cell type of the same organism are also different in different stages of growth and development or in different external environments. The cell wall and cell membrane are barriers that block exogenous molecules to enter the cell. Depending on different barriers (with different structures and different chemical compositions), the methods to break through the barriers are different. In addition, different exogenous molecules when encountering the same barrier, because of their different structures, molecular weights, volumes and chemical compositions, the methods by which these different exogenous molecules break through the same barrier are also different. If encounter with different barriers, the methods and mechanisms by which different exogenous molecules break through the different barriers are even vastly different.

Therefore, any technique applied to mammalian cells is difficult to be applied directly to microbial cells. There are no reports of the use of HDEN technique in species other than mammalian cells at present. In the present invention, the exogenous DNA is introduced into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense by using the HDEN technique according to the characteristics of Penicillium amagasakiense cells. In this invention, the culture method of the cell sample, the pre-treatment method before electroporation, the solution environment of the cell sample during the electroporation, and the form of an electric pulse applied on the cell sample are determined. Employing the method of the present invention is very simple and rapid, in which the wild spores can be directly used as a raw material, preparing the spores in the competent state is not required, and removing the cell wall of the spores by various cumbersome methods (e.g. enzymatic hydrolysis) is not required. The method just requires washing the wild spores and re-suspending them in the electroporation buffer, in which the steps are very simple. In the conventional protoplast-mediated transformation, a special cell wall hydrolase, and complex steps of preparing and regenerating protoplast are required. In the conventional electroporation, spores required germination treatment prior to use, electroporation is performed after the spores are germinated, and the transformation efficiency is low. In the conventional Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, Agrobacterium is transformed first and followed by subsequent transformation of Penicillium anagasakiense. In the conventional biolistic transformation, it requires expensive consumables, and the transformation efficiency is low.

The transformation efficiency of the method in the present invention is high, and at least an effect of no less than 6000 positive transformants per transformation reaction system is achieved. For example, the size of the AnEp8-hygro plasmid used in Example 1 is 12.4 kb. Using 1 μg of plasmid (about 124.26 fmol plasmid molecules), electroporation of 6×10⁶ non-germinated resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense results in no less than 8000 positive transformants.

It is well known that the plasmid size is inversely proportional to the transformation efficiency. The larger the plasmid size, the more difficult to penetrate cross the cell wall and cell membrane. The 12.4 kb plasmid used in the present invention is a very large plasmid. It is reported in the literature that the size of the plasmids used in most of the transformation of Penicillium amagasakiense (protoplast-mediated transformation, and electroporation) is less than 8 kb.

Currently there are various methods describing on transformation efficiency, including the number of positive transformants produced by a given μg of plasmids; the number of positive transformants produced by a given number of plasmids (number of moles, number of DNA molecules); and the number of positive transformants produced by a given number of host cells, etc. In the present invention, various indicators of number of host cells, plasmid quality, plasmid number and plasmid molecular weight etc. are disclosed. The transformation efficiency of a transformation system evaluated in any way can be calculated and converted by means of the indicators disclosed in the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm whether a sample contains the hygromycin resistance gene after PCR amplification in Example 1.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The following examples are provided for a better understanding of the present invention; however, the present invention is not limited thereto.

All the experimental process should follow the principle of aseptic condition while conducting the microbial experiments, and the instruments, consumable materials, and reagents should be sterilized.

Example 1

A method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense includes the following steps:

1) Culture of Penicillium amagasakiense and Collection of Spores

In a 15-cm Petri dish, a solid agar medium (PDA medium) was prepared. Penicillium amagasakiense CICC 40341 was inoculated onto the surface of the solid agar medium and cultured at a temperature of 25° C. with 50-60% humidity for 8 days, to allow Penicillium amagasakiense spores to overgrow on the surface of the medium.

Sterilized water was poured onto the surface of the medium, to wash down the Penicillium amagasakiense spores off from the surface of the medium (by vibrating, or gently scratching with a sterilized smooth glass spreadingrod). The spore suspension was aspirated with a pipette and filtered using sterilized lens paper (or fritted glass filter, filter paper, etc.) to remove the mycelia and retain the spores. The filtered liquid was placed in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged to collect the pelleted resting spores, and the supernatant was discarded. The collected spores were subjected to chromosome staining, to observe and confirm that the chromosomes in the spores are haploid.

2) Pretreatment of Penicillium amagasakiense Spores

The spore pellets were re-suspended in an electroporation buffer (where the volume of the electroporation buffer added should fill up the centrifuge tube), centrifuged again to collect the spore pellets, and the supernatant was discarded. After repeating the above steps twice, the spores were re-suspended in the electroporation buffer again, and observed under a microscope, to confirm that the spore suspension was free of contamination with mycelia and the spores were non-germinated. When the spores were finally re-suspended in the electroporation buffer, the volume of the electroporation buffer was controlled to maintain a spore concentration in the Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension of 10⁸ spores/ml.

The electroporation buffer consisted of HEPES having a final concentration of 1 mmol/L and mannitol having a final concentration of 50 mmol/L, and the pH of the electroporation buffer was 7.0.

3) Electroporation of the Penicillium amagasakiense Spores by Using HDEN Method

60 μl of the Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension and 1 μg of recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro were added to one well of a 96-well cell culture plate and mixed evenly, to obtain a mixture of the spores and the plasmid. The cell culture plate was placed on an ice bath for 10 min, electroporation was carried out subsequently by using the HDEN method using an Etta Biotech X-Porator H1 electroporator, by inserting an electroporator head fitted with a matrix electrode into the mixture of the spores and the plasmid, and energizing, to generate an electric field inside the mixture of the spores and the plasmid. The cell culture plate was placed on the ice bath again for 10 min after electroporation, and subsequently the mixture of the spores and the plasmid was aspirated off, to obtain resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense with introduction of exogenous DNA.

In this example, the parameters for electroporation include: a voltage of 450 V, pulse duration of 2500 ms, and repeat for 3 times at an interval of 400 ms.

4) Confirmatory Experiment

The aspirated mixture of the spores and the plasmid was coated onto a plate containing YPD solid agar medium with a final concentration of hygromycin B of 600 μg/ml, and cultured at a temperature of 28° C. with 50-60% humidity until single colonies were formed. The colonies were counted and the transformation efficiency was calculated.

At the same time when the above experimental steps were performed, a control group was prepared. The same mixture of “the spores and the plasmid” that was not electroporated was coated onto another plate containing YPD solid agar medium with a final concentration of hygromycin B of 600 μg/ml, and cultured under the same conditions. No single colony was formed in the control group, and the single colonies in the experimental group were determined to be positive clones.

When single colonies were formed in the experimental group, DNA was extracted from the single colonies in the experimental group, and the exogenous hygromycin B resistance gene which may contained in the DNA was amplified by PCR. The band size of the amplified product was determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. The result of electrophoresis is shown in FIG. 1. The direction of electrophoresis is from bottom to top. The Marker is Takara 250 bp DNA ladder marker, lane 1 is negative control, and a clear band is observed at about 1 kb in lane 2, which is consistent with the band of hygromycin B resistance gene, indicating successful transformation. That is to say the lane 2 is the band of the amplified hygromycin B resistance gene. Sanger DNA sequencing result shows that the DNA sequence is consistent with the exogenous hygromycin B resistance gene, hence it can be accurately determined that the positive clone in this example is a successful transformant.

The size of the AnEp8-hygro plasmid in this example was 12.4 kb, and 1 μg plasmid (about 124.26 fmol plasmid molecules) was used, with which 6×10⁶ non-germinated resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense were electroporated, to produce no less than 8000 positive transformants.

The recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro in this example was constructed with a hygromycin B resistance gene and an AnEp8 plasmid. The construction of the recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro was as follows:

The hygromycin B resistance gene is as shown in SEQ ID NO. 1.

The protein sequence encoded is as shown in SEQ ID NO. 2.

The hygromycin B resistance gene was amplified by PCR using primers:

F: CATTAGCTAGCATGAAAAAGCCTGAACTCACCG R: TCTGGCGCGCCCTATTCCTTTGCCCTCGG

PCR system (50 μL): template 3 μL, primer F (10 μM) 2 μL, primer R (10 μM) 2 μL, 2× Taq PCR mix 25 μL, and ddH₂O top up to 50 μL.

PCR program: 94° C. for 10 min, 35 cycles of (94° C. for 30 s, 61.8° C. for 30 s, and 72° C. for 90 s), and 72° C. for 10 min.

The PCR product was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis, and after correct detection, the PCR product was recovered by using ThermoGeneJET Gel Extraction and DNA Cleanup Micro Kit.

The AnEp8 plasmid was a gift from U.S. Fungal Genetics Stock Center (FGSC), and was described in literature 2: STORMS R, ZHENG Y, LI H, SILLAOTS S, MARTINEZ-PEREZ A, TSANG A. Plasmid vectors for protein production, gene expression and molecular manipulations in Aspergillus niger [J]. Plasmid, 2005, 53(3): 191-204.

The AnEp8 plasmid in the literature 2 was used. The AnEp8 plasmid has a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO. 3. The AnEp8 plasmid was extracted using plasmid extraction kit available from Shanghai Sangon Biotech. The AnEp8 plasmid and purified PCR product of hygromycin B resistance gene were double-digested by Fastdigest restriction endonucleases NheI and AscI from Fermentas, subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, and extracted (by using ThermoGeneJET Gel Extraction and DNA Cleanup Micro Kit). The hygromycin B gene was ligated to the AnEp8 plasmid by using T4 DNA ligase (product of Fermentas). The enzymatic cleavage and ligation operations were carried out strictly according to manufacturer's instruction. Subsequently, Escherichia coli transformation was performed, to construct a recombinant plasmid Anep8-hygro. The recombinant plasmid Anep8-hygro was subjected to Sanger sequencing and after confirmed by double-digestion, the Escherichia coli cells were mass cultured, and the recombinant plasmid was extracted by using a plasmid extraction kit (EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit) from Qiagen (according to manufacturer's instruction).

Example 2

A method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense includes the following steps:

1) Culture of Penicillium amagasakiense and Collection of Spores

In a 15-cm Petri dish, a solid agar medium (YPD medium) was prepared. Penicillium amagasakiense CICC 40341 was inoculated onto the surface of the solid agar medium and cultured at a temperature of 16° C. with 15-50% humidity for 15 days, to allow Penicillium amagasakiense spores to overgrow on the surface of the medium.

Sterilized water was poured onto the surface of the medium, to wash down the Penicillium amagasakiense spores off from the surface of the medium (by vibrating, or gently scratching with a sterilized smooth glass spreading rod). The spore suspension was aspirated with a pipette and filtered using sterilized lens paper (or fritted glass filter, filter paper, etc.) to remove the mycelia and retain the spores. The filtered liquid was placed in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged to collect the pelleted resting spores, and the supernatant was discarded. The collected spores were subjected to chromosome staining, to observe and confirm that the chromosomes in the spores are haploid.

2) Pretreatment of Penicillium amagasakiense Spores

The spore pellets were re-suspended in an electroporation buffer (where the volume of the electroporation buffer added should fill up the centrifuge tube), centrifuged again to collect the spore pellets, and the supernatant was discarded. After repeating the above steps twice, the spores were re-suspended in the electroporation buffer again, and observed under a microscope, to confirm that the spore suspension was free of contamination with mycelia and the spores were non-germinated. When the spores were finally re-suspended in the electroporation buffer, the volume of the electroporation buffer was controlled to maintain a spore concentration in the Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension of 10¹¹ spores/ml.

The electroporation buffer consisted of HEPES having a final concentration of 0.01 mmol/L and mannitol having a final concentration of 0.5 mmol/L, and the pH of the electroporation buffer was 3.0.

3) Electroporation of the Penicillium amagasakiense Spores by Using HDEN Method

6 μl of the Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension and 0.1 μg of recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro were added to one well of a 96-well cell culture plate and mixed evenly, to obtain a mixture of the spores and the plasmid. The cell culture plate was placed on an ice bath for 15 min, electroporation was carried out subsequently by using the HDEN method using an Etta Biotech X-Porator H1 electroporator, by inserting an electroporator head fitted with a matrix electrode into the mixture of the spores and the plasmid, and energizing, to generate an electric field inside the mixture of the spores and the plasmid. The cell culture plate was placed on the ice bath again for 15 min after electroporation, and subsequently the mixture of the spores and the plasmid was aspirated off, to obtain resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense with introduction of exogenous DNA.

In this example, the parameters for electroporation include: a voltage of IV, pulse duration of 2000000 ms, and repeat for 100 times at an interval of 5 ms.

4) Confirmatory Experiment

The aspirated mixture of the spores and the plasmid was coated onto a plate containing YPD solid agar medium with a final concentration of hygromycin B of 600 μg/ml, and cultured at a temperature of 16° C. with 15-50% humidity until single colonies were formed. The colonies were counted and the transformation efficiency was calculated.

At the same time when the above experimental steps were performed, a control group was prepared (as described in Example 1).

When single colonies were formed in the experimental group, DNA was extracted from the single colonies in the experimental group, and the positive clone in this example was confirmed as a successful transformant by the method as described in Example 1.

The size of the AnEp8-hygro plasmid in this example was 12.4 kb, and 0.1 μg plasmid (about 12.426 fmol plasmid molecules) was used, with which 6×10⁸ non-germinated resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense were electroporated, to produce no less than 6000 positive transformants.

The construction method of the recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro in this example was the same as that in Example 1.

Example 3

A method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense includes the following steps:

1) Culture of Penicillium amagasakiense and Collection of Spores

In a 15-cm Petri dish, a solid agar medium (PDA medium) was prepared. Penicillium amagasakiense CICC 40341 was inoculated onto the surface of the solid agar medium and cultured at a temperature of 40° C. with 60-85% humidity for 3 days, to allow Penicillium amagasakiense spores to overgrow on the surface of the medium.

Sterilized water was poured onto the surface of the medium, to wash down the Penicillium amagasakiense spores off from the surface of the medium (by vibrating, or gently scratching with a sterilized smooth glass spreading rod). The spore suspension was aspirated with a pipette and filtered using sterilized lens paper (or fritted glass filter, filter paper, etc.) to remove the mycelia and retain the spores. The filtered liquid was placed in a centrifuge tube and centrifuged to collect the pelleted resting spores, and the supernatant was discarded. The collected spores were subjected to chromosome staining, to observe and confirm that the chromosomes in the spores are haploid.

2) Pre-Treatment of Penicillium amagasakiense Spores

The spore pellets were re-suspended in an electroporation buffer (where the volume of the electroporation buffer added should fill up the centrifuge tube), centrifuged again to collect the spore pellets, and the supernatant was discarded. After repeating the above steps twice, the spores were re-suspended in the electroporation buffer again, and observed under a microscope, to confirm that the spore suspension was free of contamination with mycelia and the spores were non-germinated. When the spores were finally re-suspended in the electroporation buffer, the volume of the electroporation buffer was controlled to maintain a spore concentration in the Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension of 10⁴ spores/ml.

The electroporation buffer consisted of HEPES having a final concentration of 100 mmol/L and mannitol having a final concentration of 5000 mmol/L, and the pH of the electroporation buffer was 7.0.

3) Electroporation of the Penicillium amagasakiense Spores by Using HDEN Method

600000 μl of the Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension and 10000 μg of recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro were added to one well of a 96-well cell culture plate and mixed evenly, to obtain a mixture of the spores and the plasmid. The cell culture plate was placed on an ice bath for 10 min, electroporation was carried out subsequently by using the HDEN method using an Etta Biotech X-Porator H1 electroporator, by inserting an electroporator head fitted with a matrix electrode into the mixture of the spores and the plasmid, and energizing, to generate an electric field inside the mixture of the spores and the plasmid. The cell culture plate was placed on the ice bath again for 10 min after electroporation, and subsequently the mixture of the spores and the plasmid was aspirated off, to obtain resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense with introduction of exogenous DNA.

In this example, the parameters for electroporation include: a voltage of 6000V, pulse duration of 2 ms, and repeat for 1 time at an interval of 50000 ms.

4) Confirmatory Experiment

The aspirated mixture of the spores and the plasmid was coated onto a plate containing YPD solid agar medium with a final concentration of hygromycin B of 600 μg/ml, and cultured at a temperature of 40° C. with 60-85% humidity until single colonies were formed. The colonies were counted and the transformation efficiency was calculated.

At the same time when the above experimental steps were performed, a control group was prepared (as described in Example 1).

When single colonies were formed in the experimental group, DNA was extracted from the single colonies in the experimental group, and the positive clone in this example was confirmed as a successful transformant by the method as described in Example 1.

The size of the AnEp8-hygro plasmid in this example was 12.4 kb, and 10000 μg plasmid (about 1242600 fmol plasmid molecules) was used, with which 6×10⁶ non-germinated resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense were electroporated, to produce no less than 7000 positive transformants.

The construction method of the recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro in this example was the same as that in Example 1.

Example 4

In this example, the parameters for electroporation were the same as those in the Example 1 except that the voltage was 30 V, the pulse duration was 1000000 ms, electroporated for 50 times at an interval of 5000 ms, and no less than 6500 positive transformants were produced.

Example 5

In this example, the parameters for electroporation were the same as those in Example 1 except that the voltage was 3000 V, the pulse duration was 100 ms, electroporated for 5 times at an interval of 25000 ms, and no less than 7200 positive transformants were produced.

The method for introducing exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense provided in the present invention can be used to introduce not only the recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro, but also any other plasmids into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense. 

I claim:
 1. A method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense, characterized in that, the method comprising steps of: 1) culture of Penicillium amagasakiense and collection of spores Penicillium amagasakiense is inoculated onto a surface of a solid agar medium, and cultured until Penicillium amagasakiense spores are overgrown on the surface of the medium, the Penicillium amagasakiense spores are washed off from the surface of the medium, suspension of the spores is aspirated off and filtered to remove mycelia, and filtrate containing the spores is collected, and centrifuged to collect the pelleted resting spores; 2) pretreatment of Penicillium amagasakiense spores the spores are re-suspended in an electroporation buffer, and centrifuged to collect the spore pellets, the re-suspension and centrifugation steps are repeated 3-4 times, and the last collected spore pellets are re-suspended in the electroporation buffer, to obtain an Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension with a spore concentration of 10⁴-10¹¹ spores/ml, in which the electroporation buffer consists of 4-hydroxyethyl piperazineethanesulfonic acid having a final concentration of 0.01-100 mmol/L and mannitol having a final concentration of 0.5-5000 mmol/L, and the pH of the electroporation buffer is 3.0-9.5; and 3) electroporation of Penicillium amagasakiense spores by using HDEN method the Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension prepared in the above steps and a plasmid to be transformed are added to wells of a cell culture plate and mixed uniformly, to obtain a mixture of the spores and the plasmid, the cell culture plate is placed on an ice bath for 10-15 min, subsequently electroporation is carried out by using the HDEN method using an Etta Biotech X-Porator H1 electroporator, by inserting an electroporator head fitted with a matrix electrode into the mixture of the spores and the plasmid, and energizing, to generate an electric field inside the mixture of the spores and the plasmid, the cell culture plate is placed on the ice bath again for 10-15 min after electroporation, and subsequently the mixture of the spores and the plasmid is aspirated off, to obtain resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense with introduction of exogenous DNA, in which ratio of the Penicillium amagasakiense suspension to the plasmid to be transformed is 6-600000 μl of Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension to 0.1-10000 μg of plasmid to be transformed; and parameters for the electroporation comprise: a voltage of 1-6000 V, pulse duration of 2-2000000 ms, and repeat for 1-100 times at an interval of 5-50000 ms.
 2. The method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense according to claim 1, characterized in that, the medium in the step 1) is PDA medium, YPD medium, or Czapek-Dox medium.
 3. The method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step 1), Penicillium amagasakiense is cultured at a temperature of 16-40° C. with 15-85% humidity for 3-15 days.
 4. The method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense according to claim 3, characterized in that, in the step 1), Penicillium amagasakiense is cultured at a temperature of 25° C. with 50-60% humidity for 8 days.
 5. The method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step 2), the electroporation buffer consists of 4-hydroxyethyl piperazineethanesulfonic acid having a final concentration of 1 mmol/L and mannitol having a final concentration of 50 mmol/L, and the pH of the electroporation buffer is 7.0.
 6. The method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense according to claim 1, characterized in that, the Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension in the step 2) is observed under a microscope before electroporation, to confirm that the spore suspension is free of contamination with mycelia and the spores are non-germinated, and subsequently electroporation is carried out.
 7. The method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step 3), the plasmid to be transformed is recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro, and the recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro is constructed with a hygromycin B resistance gene and an AnEp8 plasmid.
 8. The method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense according to claim 7, characterized in that, in the step 3), the ratio of the Penicillium amagasakiense suspension to the recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro is 60 μl of Penicillium amagasakiense spore suspension to 1 μg of recombinant plasmid AnEp8-hygro.
 9. The method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step 3), the parameters for the electroporation comprise: a voltage of 450 V, pulse duration of 2500 ms, and repeat for 3 times at an interval of 400 ms.
 10. The method for direct transformation of exogenous DNA into resting spores of Penicillium amagasakiense according to claim 1, characterized in that, the step 3) further comprises aspirating the mixture of the spores and the plasmid off, coating the mixture onto a plate containing YPD solid agar medium with a final concentration of hygromycin B of 600 μg/ml, culturing the mixture at a temperature of 16-40° C. with 15-85% humidity until single colonies are formed, and counting the colonies. 